NFL replacement Field Judge Shannon Eastin blows her whistle after throwing a penalty flag during the first half of the NFL football game between the Detroit Lions and St. Louis Rams in Detroit, Michigan September 9, 2012. Reuters
The two biggest healthcare mergers of the year so far (CVS and Aetna, Express Scripts and Cigna) would be a disaster for consumers.
CVS and Express Scripts have already exhibited predatory behavior without the added power of being part of health insurers. Making them more powerful is hardly an incentive for them to change.
The Department of Justice has the power to stop them, and if we don’t we’ll lose control of pricing in the system in ways we can’t imagine.
This year CVS, the pharmacy chain, will attempt to buy an insurer, Aetna, for about $68 billion. At the same time, health insurer Cigna will attempt to buy the country’s biggest pharmacy benefit manager, Express Scripts, for about $54 billion.
Neither of these deals should happen.
The companies will tell you that these mergers will bring efficiency to the market — that giving them more power over every point between you and your healthcare will also give them the power to lower costs.
But we have no reason to believe that. In fact, we have every reason to distrust these companies. A look at what they’ve done with the power they already have shows that consolidation hasn’t brought prices down. Costs have gone up, margins have fattened, and patients have been left with fewer options.
Before these companies get any bigger, we need to understand how they price drugs and services. We need to understand how it seems the American consumer is getting screwed every time, while they claim to be saving people money.
I’ll offer two recent examples of how these companies already use their power to crush competition and keep pricing confusing and secret. Both of them have to do with a particular line of business — the pharmacy benefit manager. Pharmacy benefit managers, or PBMs, are companies that act as the gatekeepers between whoever pays for your healthcare (public or private) and drug companies. They’ve become incredibly powerful over the years with the three largest controlling over 70% of the US market. Those three are Express Scripts, CVS Caremark, and Optum UnitedHealth, and, for them, business could hardly be better.
BI Intelligence
CVS
If CVS controls Aetna, it will control the following:
1. Tons of the pharmacies where you buy your drugs,
2. The business that decides whether a drug is worth paying for, and 3. the insurer that pays for the drug.
It can pocket cash all through that process. So where exactly will have the incentive to cut costs healthcare costs? One answer is with its few competitors. We’re seeing this in action already, but, fortunately, some state governments are paying attention.
Over the last month, both Ohio and Arkansas have moved to stop CVS from squeezing mom and pop pharmacies all over their states. In both states, CVS Caremark, the company’s PBM, manages Medicare programs, and in Arkansas it is the PBM for the state’s largest insurance company, according to the Arkansas Times.
According to pharmacists in both states, it has used that power to reimburse mom and pop pharmacies less and less for dispensing drugs. Some drugs, they says, are being reimbursed below cost, leaving mom and pop shops in the red every time they sell them.
What’s more, pharmacists say that CVS is reimbursing its own stores at a much higher rate, and sending then sending the ailing mom and pops letters offering to buy their distressed businesses. Legislators say this all means that Medicare is being cheated. One state lawmaker in Ohio said plainly: “We’re getting hosed.”
CVS, which operates Medicare programs in over 20 states, has denied all of this. Through a spokesperson, it said that it values its relationship with independent pharmacies and that there’s a firewall between its Caremark business and its pharmacies.
But obviously, legislators in both states did not buy CVS’s line. In Ohio Medicare has made a rule forcing CVS (which runs 4 out of the state’s 5 Medicare managed care programs) and other PBMs to disclose pricing. That contract begins in July, and lawmakers hope to follow it up with a law bringing even more transparency to the way PBMs do business. In Arkansas lawmakers passed law giving regulators more power over PBMS with breakneck speed and bipartisan support.
Customers wait in line and shop at a CVS store and pharmacy in Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S., December 4, 2017. Reuters
Express Scripts
The merger of Express Scripts and Aetna would do more than combine a huge insurer with the biggest PBM. Lest we forget, Express Scripts is also one of the largest mail-order pharmacies in the country.
And based on the way it’s done business so far, it has no business getting bigger. Another example for you. The company is being sued by a handful of small pharmacies who accuse it of “stealing” customer information and prescription data in order to lure those customers over to Express Scripts’ own mail order pharmacy business. The plaintiffs say it has generated “billions of dollars in illegal profits” by doing this. The plaintiffs run retail pharmacies in Idaho, Tennessee, Indiana and Oregon — and the reason Express Scripts even has access to the information it allegedly stole is those big payors, like the government, won’t strike deals with every independent pharmacy.
Instead, Express Scripts becomes a middleman, and “pharmacies have no choice other than to contract with PBMs like Express Scripts in order to obtain the right to fill prescriptions for insured patients and be paid for doing so. Express Scripts didn’t immediately respond to our request for comment on this matter.
There’s more. Earlier his month, citing copyright infringement, Express Scripts had DocumentCloud — a service that lets people publish documents to the web — remove a template of one its contracts from the Internet. The contract was posted by news site Axios, and helped to explain one of the biggest mysteries in the PBM business: how rebates work.
You see, in order to get on a PBM’s list (or formulary), drug companies offer rebates on drugs to clients in their contracts. No two contracts are the same, and they are very secret, so we learned a lot.
We learned that Express Scripts has a seriously loose definition of what “rebate” is. We learned that it can collect all kinds of fees from drug companies on top of rebates. We learned that it can negotiate rebates for itself, and keep a portion of the rebates you might think would go back to the client (you) for itself.
In other words, you’re playing in Express Scripts’ house, and the house always wins.
The Feds
Mylan NL CEO Heather Bresch waits to testify before a House Oversight and Government Reform Committee hearing on the Rising Price of EpiPens, at the Capitol in Washington, U.S. September 21, 2016. Reuters
It’s not like no one has noticed this. It’s just that PBMs guard their secrets jealously.
Pharmacists, for example, sign agreements that do not allow them to tell a customer when buying a drug with cash would actually be cheaper than paying for it through their healthcare plan. This is known as a “gag order,” in part perhaps because that’s what it should make any reasonable capitalist want to do.
One time, someone almost let the secret of the PBMs’ brutal business out of the bag. It was Heather Bresch, the CEO of Mylan, the maker of the life-saving EpiPen. You may recall that in the summer of 2016 Bresch was in trouble for jacking up the price of the pen 500% over a couple of years to around $600 for a pack of two.
(We should note here that she has yet to lower the price, but that’s a story for another day.)
While Bresch was on her “sorry, not sorry” media tour, she made an appearance on CNBC that almost gave the game up. She said that Mylan only gets $275 for every EpiPen, saying that the “system incentivizes higher prices” as it passes through several hands to get to the patient. She called for transparency and for all the players, with an emphasis on PBMs and their secretive rebates, to go to the table.
Less than a month later while testifying before Congress, Rep. Earl “Buddy Carter (R-GA) — the only pharmacist in Congress — pressed Bresch on her relationship with PBMs, and repeated her call for transparency and changed the subject.
“You know I know better than that,” Carter said, explaining that if Mylan had cut the list price of their drug in the first place, they wouldn’t have received rebates from the PBMs. Carter asked Bresch to follow up with more details about Mylan’s contracts with PBMs.
No one in big pharma seems to really want to do that, and lawmakers in Washington have just recently started pushing back against the PBMs asking why they hold so much sway over drug companies. In a recent interview with Business Insider after he introduced legislation to end gag clauses (similar bipartisan legislation was also recently introduced in the Senate), Carter explained why.
“They [the PBM lobby] spent $600,000 against me when I first ran three years ago to try to get me defeated. And over the past few years we’ve seen them ramp up their political activity,” he said.
That is to say, the PBMs are fond of their power and they will not let us wrest it from them with ease.
“Ask the PBMs what their mission is, they’ll tell you ‘we help keep drug prices low’ well how is that working out?” He continued: “We know when CVS Caremark buys Aetna, they’ll control the PBM, insurance and the mail-order pharmacy. What’s going to happen is that you’re going to have less competition and less choice for patients. And when there’s less competition that means prices are going up and that’s what we’re going to happen when we have this vertical integration…The FTC needs to step in.”
Carter is very blunt, Rep. Doug Collins (R-GA) — a member of House Speaker Ryan’s leadership team — is less so, but you’ll get his point.
“In light of the chronic mischief that PBMs create at the expense of patients and the community pharmacies that serve them, we continue to be concerned about the impact of consolidation in the healthcare industry on market concentration and competition,” he told Business Insider.
Us too. That’s why none of these mergers should happen — not for $54 billion, not for $68 billion, not for all the money in the world. It’s just not worth losing control of the entire system.
